Group Policy in a Mixed Client OS Environment Essay

Group policy is a tool used for customizing, controlling, and securing Windows operating systems. It was introduced in Windows 2000 as part of the IntelliMirror technologies. Group policy can be applied at the local computer level or to OU’s, domains, or sites in an Active Directory environment. Group policy was supported by Windows XP Professional, but not XP Home Editions. Group Policy in Vista adds many settings which gives administrators more control over users and computers. In this essay I will discuss five of the newer features that was not in the older versions of windows. The first policy that I will discuss is the Control Removable Media policy. Devices like thumb drives, flash memory card readers, and external USB hard disks made it easy for users to transfer data between two computers. Although convenient, the ease that removable media created brought about the rise in industry espionage. User could easily copy and share company secrets with competitors by copying the information on to a removable device and uploading it to another computer. Software was made available to block access to USB ports on sensitive terminals. The second policy that I will discuss is the Control power management settings. Power management on a single computer can save energy and money. Enforcing a power management strategy can save a company substantial money over a period of time. This policy is located in the administrative tools section of the MMC and contains several folders for apply policies to different aspects of power management. The power management setting is applied through group policy will override settings made by users in the control panels power applet. The third policy that will be discussed in this essay is the button settings policy. The button settings folder contains several policy options. Those policies are listed as follows: The power button, the sleep button, the start menu power button, the lid switch, power button for battery power,  the sleep button for battery power, the start menu button for battery power, and the lid switch for battery power. The actions you will take to assign each of the buttons is as follows: Take no actions, sleep, hibernate and shutdown. The fourth policy that will be discussed in this essay is the notification settings policy. This policy allows you to configure the following policies: Critical battery notification action Low battery notification action Critical battery notification level Turn off low battery user notification Low battery notification level With these policies you can set the levels at which notifications will be triggered. 5. The user account control settings is the last policy discussed in this essay. It was one of the most prominent security improvements in vista user account control. The settings must be changed under the computer configuration node in the left pane of the group policy object editor. Listed are some of the policies that are in the security options folder: The admin approval mode, the application detection policy, and the secure desktop policy.

Fresh Food Compared to Canned Food Essay

Eating is something that we do on a daily basis, which makes the food that we choose to consume an important part of our health and life style. Eating food that is unhealthy for us, as well as consuming to much food can lead to numerous health risks. When we eat, we typically take the easy way out and consume foods that are unhealthy. So, when we are out at the store deciding what food we should purchase think of the benefits you would get from something fresh or something canned. We should all take a minute and consider the flavor, health benefits, and the cost of what we are about to digest. Fresh food is something that seems to have a significant advantage when it comes to flavor. If we are going to choose fresh foods over canned we will be enjoying the foods natural flavor and taste rather than chemically processed foods. Fresh foods contain vitamins as well as antioxidants that are all natural, which gives it the natural flavor. Canned foods do not have as much flavor, most of the time chemicals are added which takes away from the taste and flavor that the food has naturally. Canned foods are more likely to have artificial flavor. Health is another factor to look at when considering what type of food to we should consume. When we choose to eat canned or processed foods we are not receiving all of the healthy and natural nutrients that fresh food gives. Processed foods tend to contain large amounts of sodium, which can contribute to health risks such as high blood pressure. While fresh foods often provide us with fiber, vitamins, and minerals, which is what we need to help us function on a daily basis. (See Reference) Money can be a factor when purchasing food which is why cost is the final difference between canned and fresh foods that we should consider. When buying fresh foods especially, if the food is in season, we will see a significant price difference. The price difference between the two is caused by all the processing that a canned food has to go through to be able to last longer on the shelf. Yes, having the ability to go to the store and buy a â€Å"TV dinner† for dinner would be easier than preparing it yourself; however, the cost will probably be higher. Basically, it is our choice in what we want to consume food wise but flavor, health benefits, and cost should be taken into consideration. Fresh food has better taste and is not artificially flavored, if in season may cost less, and can also be healthier for you than canned foods. Anything though is better than choosing the easy way out. Take time and consider everything. References Retrieved from: http://www. livestrong. com/article/260270-nutrition-differences-canned-foods-vs-fresh-produce/.

Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta Josie Essay

In this novel (Looking for Alibrandi) Josephine Alibrandi is seen as an illegitimate 17-year-old girl who is self-centred, ignorant and sensitive about her illegitimacy and her reputation and what people say about her behind her back. She is also described as confused because she isn’t sure where she stands in life, whether she is an Australian or and Italian, and is paranoid in thinking because she is of Italian background she is constantly being victimised and society wouldn’t see her for who she is as an individual instead as an Italian or an Australian. During her final year in High School, many events take place in her life that changed her attitudes towards both her self and others, those events ranged from the most life changing events like the discovering of Nonna Katia’s secret, the reunification of herself and her long lost biological father and the tragic suicide of her best friend John Barton to the most least important events like the incident involving one of the ‘beautiful people’ Carly Bishop. Firstly, the sudden and unexpected suicide of Josephine’s best friend John Barton turns her life around, â€Å"The day John died was a nose-dive day and I hit the ground so hard that I feel as if every part of me hurts. I remembered when we spoke about our emancipation. The horror is that he had to die to achieve his. The beauty is that I’m living to achieve mine.† John Barton was one of the closest people to Josephine and they shared many things in common, she later realises how lucky she is to have to choose her own path and destiny and that some people like John Barton had their life planned out by others for them and they had no freedom over their future. Although Josephine is portrayed as a confused teenager who doesn’t who she really is and where she stands in society, her emancipation changes all that, even though her emancipation didn’t happen like the way she expected it to â€Å"†¦I’d wake up one morning and see the light. Feel liberated from everything. †¦ Maybe one particular incident would see me through it.† Her emancipation began after she believed she was wrong on what she did on St. Martha’s day and she had put little kids in danger, as a result of that she became more accepting in the fact that you are not always right, and just because she wore a badge saying she was school captain doesn’t make her one, it’s what’s inside her that makes her a leader. Furthermore, Josephine’s emancipation-in my opinion- was the main reason for her change in maturity and personality, because after she realises she is emancipated she begins to know who she really is and where she stands in life â€Å"†¦asks me what nationality I am, I’ll look at them and say I’m an Australian with Italian blood flowing rapidly through my veins. I’ll say that with pride, because it’s pride that I feel.† This proves that she is proud in being an Australian with an Italian heritage. Additionally, Josephine overcomes her nature in being paranoid when it comes to racism and multiculturalism, and how she is always being victimised by society because of her upbringing, her incident with Carly Bishop makes her realise that not everyone understands multiculturalism, â€Å"I’m not sure whether everyone in this country will ever understand multiculturalism and that saddens me, because it’s as much part of Australian life as football and meat-pies†. Her relationship with Jacob Coote teaches her that not everyone has a problem with her been an Italian and that it is only a small minority of people who are racist, and she learns that it’s not because she is Italian that she and Jacob are separated. In conclusion, Josephine makes major changes in her life, which were somehow provoked by inevitable incidences, she learns to accept the fact that no matter what happens people won’t stop whispering behind her back â€Å"If I lived by the rules and never committed a sin, people would still talk.† She learns what responsibilities really is about and learns to appreciate and cherish every minute of her life and to not take life for granted.

Writing Skills are learned, not inherited Research Paper

Writing Skills are learned, not inherited - Research Paper Example The organization through the relevant departments must therefore find out the ways of integrating this seamless workforce as this is a formidable and very important assignment. If such diversity is managed well and through proper strategies, the company is likely to soar higher and higher in terms of productivity and even growth. This is because the management of the resources of the company will be efficiently conducted and the efficiency in terms of operations will also go high. Competition on the global scale will also be enhanced as a result of proper management of such workforce (Graff & Birkenstein, 2006). Such management is much more than just the pay slip, it spills over to the general welfare management of such varied groups of people. It all depends on how the management bestowed with such a responsibility is able to bring together such a workforce in a manner that they are so much able to work together. First, the values of the differences must be well understood as this has the impact of improving innovation and creativity as opposed to sameness which does not provide an avenue for critical thinking. An avenue must be created where the varied groups of people are in the position of seeing different perspectives of doing the normal business of the company (Marzano & Paynter, 2004). The company must always ensure that its workforce is up-to-date with the current technology through constant training. These can be conducted by involving the employees in awareness sessions encouraging them to spend time reading and learning about diversity. These should be done in relation to how it would be helpful to the organization. Thirdly, the culture of the organization is particularly important as it has the ability of defining the direction of the company’s action plans (Graff & Birkenstein, 2006). The employees must always be made to think like the organization from the onset. Culture is meant to help success in a given environment. It is through

Health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Health care - Essay Example Moreover, there are trademarks and trade dress infringement in the field of health care services, and the intellectual property group deals with claims that are made by organizations for the liability that are arising out of intellectual property. 2. Various business models are becoming powerful, though others that are not effective thus, a manager should focus on models that develop customer loyalty or barrier to entry. Therefore, the things that are renewed automatically offer a way of facilitating customer loyalty, whereby they work to alter the providers. In this case, managers are motivated to manage their accounts online thus difficult to discontinue the relationship with the customers. Nevertheless, these unique models have become a source of barrier for nontraditional entry, due to the high level of sophistication. In the current business environment, organizations are seeking to develop a unique business model to mitigate the threat of entry by the others to reduce

Seven Years War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seven Years War - Essay Example During these seven years of battle, Britain and France differed and took parallel side in battle because both of them were eyeing North America as a colony of choice. India was dragged into war since it was a place of colonial interest by the major European powers, Britain and France. France got involved in the seven year’s war because it was interested in the colonies which by coincidence were also the target of Britain. 3Because of this conflict of colonial interest with each of the two counties wanting to have a larger sphere of influence, war was inevitable. In this case India was just a victim of circumstances, drawn into war unprepared and unwillingly. The war ended with the signing of the Franco-British Treaty in 1963. In this treaty, Britain took Canada and Florida initially controlled by France and Spain respectively. France controlled the West Indian cane islands allowing Spain take Louisiana. Britain won the war as it managed to take both North America and India as its colonies4. The seven years war crowned Britain the master in abroad colonies. Frederick II the Great retained Silesia affirming Russia’s as the main European

Drones Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Drones - Assignment Example d will go down in history, along with the Spencer repeating rifle and jet power, as transformational and/or disruptive technologies for which there were no established laws that regulated their initial use.   And, while it’s unfortunate that innocents are killed in any conflict, the same risks exist with conventional weapons; and under warfare that is more conventional.   Transnational terrorism offers a new challenge that must be met with new tools: drones are that tool and a reasonable proportional response to what are often small groups of bad actors.   The idea of expecting local law enforcement, often in virtually lawless countries, to capture terrorist is also a non-starter.   The Obama administration has published common sense guidelines that govern the use of force in other countries and I find them practical.   The United States has the right to target terrorists using drone attacks, even if incidental loss of life will occur among the non targetable civilians; as long as the principles of proportionality, distinction and reasonable necessity are adhered to. When using the principles of proportionality and reasonable necessity, the government should take into consideration all the appropriate features of the context. These considerations entails; identification of the terrorist targets, understanding the significance of the target, analyzing the appropriateness of alternative target methods for combating terrorism, studying the proximity to non targetable civilians, and identifying if the civilians are being used as human shield by the terrorists either voluntarily or through coercion. Drone killings are lawful if they adhere to the laws of war and laws of self defense. This is because targeting the terrorists due to self defense is legal. Terrorist participate in ongoing armed attacks, therefore, they should be targeted by drone killings in whichever part of the world they operate in. Terrorists also participate in direct hostilities against the

Political Environment Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Environment Case Study Analysis - Essay Example Most likely, higher education organizations such as the NEA (National Education Association) will support the reduction. The different student organizations from state colleges and universities will possibly join as well. Individuals from working-class families or those who are supporting themselves while studying can also form a large number when they unify their support. Apart from higher education, the supporters of mental health programs are also getting worried; they say that neglecting mental health programs in favor of improving correctional facilities will just cause increase in inmate population in the long run. Among the possible supporters are NMHA (National Mental Health Association), AMHA (American Mental Health Association), NASMHPD (National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors). There are also other organizations who believe that more of the budget must be allotted to infrastructure, social centers, daycare centers, hospitals, etc. These are the infras tructure organizations such as the American Hospital Association. Political advocacy groups are also potential supporters.

Descrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Descrimination - Essay Example As such, women, people with disabilities, people of color as well as people who are older face a many impediments to their full and active participation in the labor force of this country. The following research paper aims to explore discrimination with an eye to how this form of discrimination affects certain types of people, both within the wider society as well as within the labor market. What influences discrimination in the twenty-first century? How has society attempted to protect people from discrimination? These questions and many more will be discussed with reference to discrimination today. We now begin with an overview of the key integral for this research paper, including discrimination, prejudice and social bias. The United States has undergone quite substantial changes within the past century the country is much more diverse than it ever was. Immigration and the growth of globalization have altered the social composition of the United States of America. Today, there is a much larger percentage of people of color and visible minorities within key social institutions including government office – President Barack Obama is perhaps the most obvious example today. There is also increased the representation of visible minorities across the country in all aspects of public life – including in the police services and the education sectors, just to name a few. Changing worldwide immigration patterns have led to an increased flow of people from around the world to the United States, facilitating intercultural communication. American society has quickly become far less homogenous and cultural institutions are beginning to reflect this. Unfortunately with the changing social landscape of the United States and the changing nature of this country, the multicultural setting may lead to a rise in racism and discrimination in the twenty-first century (Cahn, 2002). Discrimination is described as

Brain-Based Learning Theory Strategies for ADHD Thesis

Brain-Based Learning Theory Strategies for ADHD - Thesis Example The purpose of the interviews was to gain an understanding of brain-based learning theory strategies for ADHD learners from the perspective of those who have used the strategies. The results of the study indicate that educators are comfortable with brain-based learning theory strategies, but are ambivalent with respect to inclusive learning. The educators participating in this research indicate that inclusive teaching may not be the most appropriate brain-based learning theory strategy as it puts the focus on behavioral controls and thus deprives ADHD students of all of the resources that they require to overcome their learning disabilities or to cope effectively with their learning disabilities. The results of this study and implications for practice are discussed. A study of data collected from US national health household surveys from 2004-2006, demonstrated that 14% of children between the ages of 6 and 17 suffered from Attention Hyper-activity Disorder (ADHD) (Pastor & Reuben, 2008). Globally, ADHD ranges from between 4% and 12% among children between the ages of 6 and 12 (Brown, Freeman, Perrin, et al., 2001). ADHD has been associated with learning disabilities and emotional disorders suggesting that children suffering from ADHD have difficulties adjusting in social and academic environments (Brown, et al., 2001). It has therefore been suggested that ADHD can best be understood when looked at as a â€Å"neurobehavioral disability† (Brook & Boaz, 2005, p. 187). Thus, researchers have increasingly looked to neuroscience as a means of understanding and predicting the cognitive and emotional functions of children with ADHD (Nigg & Casey, 2005). Brain-based learning theorists suggests that understanding how the brain functions can produce effective strategies for teaching children with a number of learning disabilities (Geake, 2009). These theories are

STANDARDS OF EVALUATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STANDARDS OF EVALUATION - Essay Example In terms of accessibility, there is no existence of universal health care in American healthcare delivery system. (Rapoport, 2009) However, the US government has implemented programs to assist deliverance of healthcare to the old-aged, disables, poverty-stricken and youths together with programs arising as an effect of â€Å"Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act† to endow with a guarantee to the people requiring emergency medicinal services irrespective of their fiscal capability (Shi, 2009) whereas, the Canadian health care delivery system ensures that all populace are granted with healthcare services though, coverage is not up till now widespread This is of unique significance as reports have indicated that people requiring critical medical services do not have access even to a standard physician. (Rapoport, 2009) Hence, it can be said that even though Canadian healthcare policies facilitates accessibility to all but the American system, actually, delivers better access to patients requiring healthcare. The USA and Canada’s healthcare systems mutually comprises healthcare as one of the prime overheads in their balance sheets. In year 2007-08, America’s healthcare spending/citizen was noticeably upper than Canada, USA exhausted approximately $2,700 /person i.e. almost 15% of its GDP whereas Canada’s balance sheets recorded only $2,100 /person i.e. 9% of GDP. (Rapoport, 2009) Personal expenditures in Canada are approximately $917 per person per year as compared to the America’s $3,372 /person/year including treatments for drugs, dental and eye treatments. (Rapoport, 2009) American or Canadian, healthcare of both are equivalent as both comprises highly qualified professionals and educational programs of both accentuate the significance of enduring learning and specialization via formal training, tutoring, seminars together with hi-tech implementations (Shi, 2009)

Pick n Pays Essay Example for Free

Pick n Pays Essay What is your strategy to reverse Pick n Pays loss of market share? Pick n Pay lost market share in part because it opened materially less space than some of its major competitors. A significant proportion of its capex was invested in supply chain technology infrastructure in recent years, which by its nature doesnt drive sales compared to stores. Our capital focus is now on new stores and refurbishment, which will drive sales and, in time, profitability. Over the past year we have refreshed, without substantively altering our strategy. Our overarching ambition is for the Group to become the â€Å"Retailer of choice for all South Africans†. This builds on Pick n Pay and Boxer’s brand strength and strong store portfolio. Importantly this refreshed strategy does not represent a major departure from the strategy that has been followed for the past five years. We have seven themes geared to ensure that the business can grow sustainably and profitably. There is a balance of growth-driven priorities, focusing on space, customer, franchise and product, and those largely focused on improving efficiency such as replenishment and store operations. The â€Å"One Pick n Pay† initiative ties these together to ensure that the business works well as a unified whole. Strategic priority: Grow selling space ahead of the market There is substantial competition for retail space both within South Africa and in other African markets. Ensuring that Pick n Pay increases its overall share of trading space over the long term is an important strategic priority. Over the past three years our space growth has lagged that of our competition particularly into the faster growing lower income areas and small stores. This not only directly reduces our market share but also puts pressure on like-for-like sales growth. We will continue to develop store formats and channels that meet customers’ changing needs both in Pick n Pay and Boxer, in South Africa and beyond. Additionally we continue to build a pipeline of new sites, whether greenfield or through acquisition that will ensure we meet our aspirations. Strategic priority: Build deep customer relationships The launch of our customer rewards programme Smartshopper gives us a  significant opportunity to get to know our customers’ shopping habits and preferences substantially better than we do today. Since its launch in March 2011 the programme has been a great success. After just one year we now have over five million active cardholders, exceeding our initial target by two million. This enables us not only to know and understand each customer a great deal better, but to communicate with our customers in a different and more engaging manner. We have direct access to the vast majority of Smartshopper customers by either sms or email, which means that we can send targeted marketing communications directly to them. We can also ask for feedback directly from them. All of this translates into a very valuable two-way dialogue with our customers. As a result we are designing and executing marketing campaigns which are more relevant to our customers. We are extracting insights from their shopping habits data in order to tailor our product ranges and more accurately serve them. All of this will assist us in growing our sales volumes significantly. Strategic priority: Revolutionise Pick n Pay’s product offer During the past 12 months we have invested considerable time and resources in building a single specialised category buying division. Prior to the establishment of this division, Pick n Pay’s sourcing activities were distributed across the operating regions. This led to fragmentation of the Group’s buying scale, with each buyer having a wide range of products to source. Our new specialised category buying division is made up of category teams each of which is responsible for the end-to-end profitability of a specific product category. They are tasked with developing a product range that meets all customer needs, sourcing those products at the lowest possible cost, constructing shelf layouts that help customers find what they are looking for easily, building a promotional plan that generates customer excitement, increased volumes and higher margins, and ensuring that Pick n Pay’s prices remain hig hly competitive. Included in their responsibilities is the task of improving our Pick n Pay branded offer.

Examining different accounting forms within Samsung Electronics

Examining different accounting forms within Samsung Electronics Samsung Electronics Company is a part of the Samsung Group which group was first established in 1969 by the founder of Byumg-chull Lee in Dzegu, South Korea. It is a leading electronics equipment of digital manufacturing group of our home alliances such as television, mobile, refrigerator, etc. In 1978, this company established as a international company to launched in the USA market. In 1984, this company built 1st overseas plant in Portugal and in 1984, also expanded a sales marketing in Germany and UK. After 2 years later, the company established a new plant in UK to manufacture microwave ovens, VCR and multi TV. In 1988, this company converted with Samsung Semiconductor Telecommunication Company. Now a day it is the largest electronics company over the world by providing their new technology. In 2009, this company recognized for highest revenue company overall the world and also same year this company celebrated the 40th anniversary. At this moment, it covers 28 percent electron ics equipment of the UK market. Product of Samsung Electronics Company Samsung Electronics Company provides us smart appliance technology and operational efficiency of the electrical grid which appliances are make comfortable of the home life. In earlier period of this company, manufactured only black and white television and after nine years later in 1970s, introduced new products like as refrigerator, washing machines and electronics plants. In 1986, this company built microwave ovens, VCR and color TV in the UK plants. In 2000, was very important for the company because this year its expanded in the global internet with Yahoo and to provide next generation mobile phones and also make a new marketing technology. The company built liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) monitors and next year company developed of two way interactive compliant television sets, cable infrastructure and portable communication equipments by joint adventure with other company. In 2006, introduced with the range of 3G mobiles. After day by day, the company established their new techn ology for the global people such as Laptop, WiMAX technology, Digital Media and Communication (DMC) division, 4 GB DDR3 chip, digital camera, home theater system, Blu-ray, printers, air conditioners, and broadband internet, etc. Competitors of Samsung Electronics Company If Samsung electronics company is the biggest electronics company all over the world but its has many competitors in the market such as Sony Ericson, Apple, Nokia, Philips, Sony, etc., which also deals in the electronics equipment selling as this company. Sony, LG sell also the similar electronics product to Samsung company however its products available in low prize, high configuration and always maintain the quality of service which makes Samsung Electronics Company leading electronics group in the world. Process of the Company Samsung Electronics Company not only sells but also manufacturing of the equipment. Before launching any product they ensure the quality of the product through whole process from getting raw material, production, transportation, usage and end-of life disposal. All of these are adding price, quality, design and function which done for product improvement. Before manufacturing any product, fast maintain the customer choice and all are doing with responsibility. If customer is not satisfied in the product, the company has to ensure the warranty. Policies of Samsung Electronics Company Samsung Electronics Company has policies which follow the rules of regulation very strictly for the organization. These rules of regulation not only for customer but also total group. All policies are maintained by HR manager of the company. The roles are following such as administrative development, services performances, maintain employee, communicate with administrative team, investigating, answering and maintain human resource record. Another main thing is requirement such as analytical, problem solving, oral communication, delegation, management skill, qualifications, and language skills. Review of Management Accounting : Management accounting is an integral part of management concerned with identifying, presenting and interpreting information used for formulating strategy; planning and controlling activities; decision taking; optimizing the use of resources; disclosure to shareholders and others external to the entity; disclosure to employee; safeguarding assets. (Accounting for non-accounting students, by J R Dyson-3rd Edition) Management accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, accumulating, analyzing, preparing, interpreting and communicating information that helps managers to fulfill organizations objectives. ( Charles T. Horgren) Following by the explanation stating of some facts which are necessary of fulfill the nature and role of the management accounting. These are strategic planning, budgeting, financial management and accounting, cost accounting, communication of financial and operating information, financial control, internal audit, and management audit. (Accounting for non-accounting students, by J R Dyson-3rd Edition) If any organization need to increase their business firstly essentials to know about the key techniques of the management accounting because without technique difficult to development of the financial policy. So this company like as Samsung Electronics Company following some techniques which are find out the key revenue indices for measure, reporting structure of management for implantation, analyzing the working process, supplier wages, cost of product gross margin and profitability of the customer; always monitor the cost and volume; implement balanced scorecard and customer value of the management reporting. (www.brillco.net) Techniques and Methods of Management Accounting There are different types of method and technology have which helps us to understand the overall management accounting, some of them are as follows: Activity based costing of management accounting Activity base costing is a method for measuring the activities, cost and performance of the company which based in the ability of the assemble that is based on the natural action of the organization. Activity base costing argues from customary cost accounting facility which apply the activity in actual authority. To count the number amount of the consequence, costing of activities in durations for all fixed and variable of the straight cost. Any manager of the organization can take judgment on the activity based costing number volume for a customer. Job order costing of management accounting Job order costing is a method where is one of many another accounting costing system which uses for monitoring and controlling cost of the business. Job order costing can be calculate by the amount of number in the business is divided by cost of the business. Its method actually used for many industries, for example T-shirt Company. Budgeting for a company One of the most important areas of the management accounting is the budgeting for any kind of business whatever it is a small business or a big business. Budgeting as a company what plan to spend or receive over a specified period of time based on past experience. Any company wants to provide their business planning, co-ordination, communication, motivation, control and performance evaluation by budgeting. For a big company, generally makes a budget for yearly basis and operating budget with past years statement of revenues and expenses but a small company provides a budgeting on monthly bases. Such as Samsung Electronics Company, highlight includes research new technology, development of product, administration activities, expanding and selling differences budgeting. Budgeting in a company has some profits such as requires all kinds of management to framework of future, provides absolute aims for evaluating achievement, makes an fast warning system for potential difficulty and favor s the organization of activities within the business. Budgeting is a challenging position for every organization. There are two kind of budgeting, following as: Periodic budgets: This is characteristically behaved once per budget period- generally once a year for every planning period of a company, this budget may be revising or update latest realistic forecast. Continuous or rolling budgets: Continuous budget as a budget that always ready for a specified future season by adding a season (month, quarter or year) to the period that at the last moment with a fixed planning horizon. Capital investment decision for a company: Another one of the most important of the management accounting is capital investment decision which is made for the major period of time expires between the layouts of the recovery of the investment is known as capital investment decision. The ambition of the capital investment decisions admits appropriation of the companys capital funds most influentially in order to ensure the best return possible. Capital investment decisions are made for short term and long term for the profit of the company. Recommendations to Samsung Electronics Company: Samsung Electronics Company allocates some methodology for the development of the organization where activities based costing is a important implement such as activities, cost and performance. Samsung Electronics Company should follow activities based costing because assigning prices to product and product to services are going on this new technology. Budgeting of these company activities based costing have a good authority on the management accounting policy of the company. There are different types of job order costing system on management and cost accounting. Following this way, Samsung Electronics Company provided as a largest brand overall the world which used for monitoring and controlling cost of the business. Its cost effective, a good design accounting rule must generate advice for a big number of uses. It helps of making special reports such as sales tax, payroll etc., also this company has every one thing in preparing such as over head cost, direct cost and indirect cost. These decisions provide the company and maintain the focus on electronics for example smart phone, chips, etc. At this moment, Samsung Electronics Companys capital investment decision is fixed. Following by this financial policy, Samsung company increases their growth for last 2 years by balance sheet, for example: in 2010 net income increase 65% compare with 2009 and sales up to 13% compare with previous years, which takes a great effect in the financial accounting of the company. Decision also motivate the company in coming information like as Samsung electronics moves Solar battery business which fields are LEDs, medical equipment and hybrid electric car batteries. Budgeting is a very major matter for Samsung Electronics Company; they take a mission for 2020 which will be providing a largest revenue company in the world. So proper budgeting gives an idea to make future planning of the company and feel easy to achieve the goal by monitoring and analyzing previous years expenditure and sell. For example, in 2011 Samsung Electronics Company announces that they invest a fund above $ 26 billion for the next year which will be a new record in their investment. As a result, they celebrate the biggest budget compare with another company. Early in this year, they announced two budget compacts which are PL20 and ES80 cameras where based CCD chips, net, USB-based charging. This creates an overall knowledge among the different departments. Some event of the budget, take a great effect in the financial record. For example; in 2010 in Samsung Mobile Communication took infect where sales cover 23% and operating profit rise 38% compare with last year. As a res ult, it will be influences for the organization such as employee, management, technician, etc., also on the budget. That is why, budget influences customer and can adopt periodic budget. This company cannot provide continuous budgeting for their future development in the global market. Samsung Electronics Company makes planning, co-ordination, communication, motivation, control and performance evaluation by budgeting. SWOT Analysis of Samsung Electronics Company: Samsung Electronics Company is a part of Samsung group which is one of the leading manufacturing technologies of home alliance product in the world. This company specially known as telecommunication, semiconductor, digital media and convergence technologies. This company provides their strength, limitation, opportunities and threats by SWOT analysis. Now a day, this company is the global biggest producer for DRAM, SRAM and flash memory which makes the strong situation of the world brands company and also for the strong competitors. Strengths of the Samsung electronics company: Samsung Electronics Company is strength for different sectors such as semiconductor, telecommunication, digital media of the governing players and DRAM, SRAM, flash memory of the biggest producer of the world market. First position for the television which is 25% and second position for mobile phone which 19% of the global market. In according the robush market position, Samsung Electronics company ranked in the nineteenths place overall the leading 100 brands and only 5th position for the technology. Research and developments is the main concern and customer motivation for the Samsung electronics company. For research and development, this company spent about $ 7 billion in 2010 and $ 6 billion in 2009 and about 42,000 people are working for research overall the world whereas only Korea has 6 and another has 18 research centers in the world. Following by the research and development, this company provided new technologies of home alliance and earns more money. Samsung Electronics Company is well known over the world for the highest electronics equipments compare with the other company. That is why; they announced the prize for revenue of the world market. One of the interested things is that this company provides only two business area such as digital media and telecommunication. Weakness of the Samsung electronics company: An example of product come backs is the first weakness for the Samsung electronics company. In 2009, 160000 phones, key pads and BB14 software were back for some mechanical problem in the US market, it was the fast of the year whereas same year of the last come backed about 1000 watt microwave ovens in the US market and fridge in the south Korean And Chinese market. Both reflected the financial effect of the company and negative effect on the consumer. Mobile phone market in the developing countries was very weak position which is only 3.5% whereas Nokia was 58%. They cannot lead those countries for their prize and working system. Opportunities of the Samsung Electronics Company: The Samsung electronics company has the ability to form strategic alliance in the world market while according the consumer perspective. This reflects the great attitude of the company. In the developing countries where telecommunication market is growing recently. They should to proper use in this countries for example; in 2008 0.8 million people used mobile but in 2009 it reached about 1.2 million in India. Threats of the Samsung Electronics Company: Now a day, global market is open, so to make a position of any company makes sure their completion. In this reason Samsung Electronics Company has more competitive in the business environment, such as Nokia, LG Electronics, Sony, etc., which faces the negative effect in the market of the Samsung Electronics company. Samsung Electronics Company facing the weakening position in the liquid crystal display (LCD) flats in the market. According in 2010, fast quarter sell about 154 million amount and second quarter sell only 157 million amount, day by day decreased the demand that is why these company takes the low prize. This makes the great effect in their financial position.

Operant and Classical Conditioning in Advertising

Operant and Classical Conditioning in Advertising Buyer behaviour and marketing communications Classical Conditioning Theory Operant learning theory can be compared to classical conditioning learning theory, as both are methods through which behaviour can be modified. The key difference is that operant learning is based on modifying the consequences of behaviour, whilst classical conditioning is based on the use of stimuli to modify behaviour. This can most clearly be seen by reference to Pavlov’s (1927) and Skinner’s (1957) experiments. Pavlov’s (1927) experiments involved training dogs to associate the sound of a bell with being fed. As such, the dogs learnt to salivate when they heard a bell, in anticipation of food, in spite of not controlling when the food was delivered. This demonstrates classical conditioning learning. In contrast, Skinner’s (1957) experiments involved placing rats in separate boxes each of which contained a bar. When the rat pressed the bar, a consequence would occur. Some rats were fed when they pressed their bar, whilst others suffered an electric shoc k. Other rats were given an electric shock until they pressed the bar, when the shock went away. Over time, the rats learnt to moderate their behaviour, either to obtain the benefits or to avoid the harmful effects. This is an example of operant learning (Domjan, 2003). As a result of the interactive nature of operant learning, advertising has traditionally been based on classical conditioning, with campaigns generally intended to drive dynamic learning within consumers, thus moderating their behaviour to associate a product with a certain type of reward. Ackerberg (2003) claims that this reward can be either some form of tangible benefits; or it can be based on â€Å"image†, â€Å"brand† or â€Å"prestige† benefits. However, Ackerberg’s (2003) research indicated that traditional advertising does not always tend to affect consumer behaviour, instead simply acting to inform consumers and enable them to choose products which fit their self image. This is reinforced by Osselaer and Alba (2000) who argue that using the advertising process to attempt to enhance brand equity can often result in a decrease in customer perception of the attributes used to judge product quality. This is particularly the case when a company already has an existing reputation based on product quality, indicating that consumers are more likely to trust the operant conditioning they have developed from using products, rather than the perception of said products. However, the recent rise of interactive media such as e-mail and the internet offer companies the chance to include more operant conditioning principles in the advertising and promotional campaigns, by allowing customers to interact with products through virtual multimedia environments. This effectively allows companies to achieve a balance between indirect advertising and direct, but expensive and narrowly focused, product trials, whilst maintaining a wide reach. Indeed, research by Daugherty et al (2008) has shown that when comparing the direct, indirect, and virtual marketing methods, the virtual methodology can have the greatest impact on brand attitudes, particularly when it is followed up by exposure to advertising or a direct trial. This indicates that virtual advertising allows companies to obtain the best of both worlds, aiding in the indirect, classical conditioning, approach and the direct, operant learning, approach (Daugherty et al, 2008). As such, the evidence tends to suggest that both operant and classical learning can be used in the creation of advertising campaigns. However, evidence from Pawlowski et al (1998) shows that existing conditioning and learning will also play an important role in perceptions of advertising, and the ability of campaigns to affect consumer behaviour. This was demonstrated by Pawlowski et al’s experiments with children in the American second, fourth, and sixth grades, who were shown four advertisements. The older children were better able to interpret the metaphors from the advertisements, as well as the brand names and specific advertising copy. However, in spite of the increased levels of understanding with age, there was little evidence that the advertising messages improved the perceptions of the advertised products. This not only indicates that people’s experience and development will affect their interpretation of advertising, but also that it is important to ensure that advertising is correctly pitched in order to reinforce or ‘punish’ existing perceptions to boost the operant condition ing effect. Some evidences as to how this can be achieved can be found in the work of Ottemann and Lethans (1975), who argued that operant learning theory and behavioural modification principles could be used to affect the organisational behaviour of major organisations. Their work was based on the use of organisational behaviour modification programs, and their effects on the performance of first line supervisors who had been trained to manage their behaviour on a contingent basis. The results of said study revealed that supervisors who had been trained to moderate their behaviour, according to the operant conditions, achieved consistently superior performance levels when compared to their peers who had experienced no such training (Ottemann and Luthans, 1975). This could be argued to indicate that operant learning theory is always of use in moderating behaviour, and that this usefulness tends to be increased as the relevance of the stimulus in increased. Within advertising, Till and Priluck (2000) refer to the relevance of a stimulus, and also to stimulus generalisation, which refers to â€Å"the extent to which a response conditioned to one stimulus transfers to similar stimuli†. Indeed, in the context of using conditioning and learning for advertising campaigns, stimulus generalisation is vital for factors such as brand extension and brand imitation. This argument is supported by two studies carried out by Till and Priluck (2000), which show that once an advertising or promotion campaign has conditioned customer attitudes towards a particular brand, they can then transfer said attitudes to a product in a similar category, or with a similar name. However, the results of the studies also suggested that this may only be a temporary effect, and that customers will ultimately also need to be conditioned to the new product or category (Till and Priluck, 2000). In addition, Kim et al (1998) argue that existing attitudes and the nat ure of an operant learning approach can affect the extent to which these attitudes can be transferred, as well as the formation of new attitudes and product beliefs. This continues to indicate that both operant learning and classical conditioning will run into problems if they attempt to run against existing environmental conditioning which exists in consumers. However, Grossman and Till (1998) carried out two experiments which tended to indicate that classical conditioning learning can be used to overcome existing environmental conditioning through advertising, although this was found to be a long term effect. This finding is based on the use of classical conditioning procedures which matched favourable images and representations to a brand of mouthwash. The first experiment was based on simple exposure, the impact of which was then measured immediately after the experiment; and again after one week and three weeks had elapsed. The second study used the same methods and procedures, but in a more controlled environment and over a longer period of time. This showed that not only do classical conditioning adverts tend to be enduring in the minds of consumers, but also that they can gradually alter existing perceptions over time (Grossman and Till, 1998). Similar results were shown by Herr and Fazio (1991), however their research also examined the use of both attributional and cognitive, verbal learning techniques in order to maximise the conditioning affects. Such repeated and varied positioning of the brand as being favourably evaluated was shown to be more effective than simply using a single technique (Herr and Fazio, 1991). Another area in which both classical and operant learning and conditioning can be used in advertising is in the use of celebrities as conditioned stimuli to help with the associative learning process. Recent work by Till et al (2008) has established that the use of celebrities in advertising can actually have an active, operant conditioning, effect on conditioning, in spite of advertising being more of a classical conditioning medium. In addition to this, the operant learning effects will tend to be more effective when there is a fit between celebrity and product, and will also tend to be more enduring than peer products with no celebrity endorsement (Till et al, 2008). Similar observations have been made for the use of event or sports team sponsorship, although this has been shown to have more of a classical conditioning than an operant learning effect (Speed and Thompson, 2000). Again, the effectiveness of this approach is driven by the fit between the sponsor and event or team; as well as perceptions of the sponsor and their motivations for the sponsorship (Speed and Thompson, 2000). However, in spite of the now widespread use of classical conditioning as a method for interpreting the effects of advertising, and the less wide spread use of operant learning, there are still critics of these approaches. In particular, Allen and Madden (1985) argue that there is a need for a more precise ‘affective-conditioning hypothesis’ to be created in order to better describe the effects of advertising, and in the absence of unequivocal evidence to support classical conditioning effects. In addition, Stuart et al (1987) conducted experiments to determine exactly what classical conditioning effects could be observed within the context of advertising and consumer behaviour. These experiments demonstrated that whilst classical attitude conditioning could be observed at all four levels of stimulus pairing, environmental conditioning and latent inhibition acted to strongly retard these conditioning effects. This implies that the affect of classical conditioning approach es in advertising cannot be accurately predicted, due to the wide range of environmental and latent inhibitions which will be inherent in the majority of consumers who have already been exposed to advertising for any great length of time (Stuart et al, 1987). One example of an advertising campaign which has used classical conditioning and operant learning is the move by the supermarket chain Sainsbury’s to use celebrity chef Jamie Oliver to front a major advertising campaign, and effectively be â€Å"the TV face of Sainsburys† (Wheeler, 2003). This advertising campaign can be seen to have a strong classical conditioning effect, as it helps customers to associate the products and branding that they see in Sainsbury’s stores with a well recognised culinary expert. In addition, the use of a relevant celebrity will provide operant learning, something which has been supported by the inclusion of promotional materials such as Jamie Oliver recipe cards, which have been made available to customers. Wheeler (2003) provides evidence of the success of the operant conditioning impact of this campaign: after Oliver demonstrated how to use Sainsburys truffle butter to cook an appetising Christmas turkey, Sainsbury’s reported selling more than 50,000 jars of the product. This shows that Oliver’s recommendations, shown on TV, on recipe cards and in store, conditioned customers to associate the butter with cooking a high quality meal, thus increasing sales. However, there is also evidence that Sainsbury’s has suffered somewhat from existing environmental conditioning towards Oliver, with Walker (2005) reporting that Oliver is someone that â€Å"people either love or hate†. As such, some people will already have negative conditioning around Oliver, and this conditioning will act to inhibit any conditioning around Sainsbury’s brand and products. In addition, Oliver’s actions, such as refusing to use Sainsbury’s farmed salmon in his restaurants despite endorsing it for the company, will also impair conditioning; as people will perceive a conflict between the two stimuli (Walker, 2005). On addition, Oliver’s personal views can also condition customers against the Sainsbury’s brand, as reported by the Telegraph (2008) when Oliver â€Å"attacked Sainsburys for failing to turn up to a debate on factory farming†. Whilst the company allowed a senior director to be interviewed as part of the program, and none of the other major supermarkets sent representatives to the debate, the conditioned association between Oliver and Sainsbury’s means that the consequences of non attendance will likely be higher for Sainsbury’s, and may further impair conditioning. In addition, Sainsbury’s should look to boost its use of Oliver in more operant conditioning settings, in order to overcome these issues. For example, the supermarket could make use of the interactive nature of the internet to set up a ‘cook with Jamie’ part of the site, where customers could download recipes and watch how they are cooked. This would help them make associations between buying Sainsbury’s products and cooking appetising meals, as well as making it easier for them to cook meals once they have bought the ingredients. The campaign could also be boosted by the use of more in store activities associated with Oliver, such as holding in store tastings of products he has endorsed, or demonstrating their use in store. For example, in the week before Xmas, by holding a demonstration of how to use the truffle butter mentioned above to cook a turkey, Sainsbury’s could have benefitted from operant conditioning and learning, and further boosted its sales of the product. In conclusion, in spite of the difficulties associated with using both operant conditioning and classical conditioning in advertising and promotions, it is clear that both techniques still have significant potential applications to real life advertising campaigns. In particular, the use of the internet and association with well known celebrities allows retailers, and other businesses, to benefits from the combined effects of classical conditioning and operant learning, to further boost associations. By doing so, and ensuring that the associations are relevant and pertinent to the customers, retailers can achieve both short term success, as seen in the truffle butter example above, and long term success, as described by Grossman and Till (1998), by making long term adjustments to the environmental conditioning of their customers. References Ackerberg, D. A. (2003) Advertising, learning, and consumer choice in experience good markets: an empirical examination. International Economic Review; Vol. 44, Issue 3, p. 1007-1040. Daugherty, T. Li, H. and Biocca, F. (2008) Consumer learning and the effects of virtual experience relative to indirect and direct product experience. Psychology Marketing; Vol. 25, Issue 7, p. 568-586. Domjan, M. E. (2003) The Principles of Learning and Behaviour; Fifth Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson / Wadsworth. Grossman, R. P. and Till, B. D. (1998) The Persistence of Classically Conditioned Brand Attitudes. Journal of Advertising; Vol. 27, Issue 1, p. 23-31. Herr, P. M. and Fazio, R. H. (1991) On the Effectiveness of Repeated Positive Expressions as an Advertising Strategy. Advances in Consumer Research; Vol. 18, Issue 1, p. 30-32. Kim, J. Jeen-Su L. and Bhargava, M. (1998) The Role of Affect in Attitude Formation: A Classical Conditioning Approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science; Vol. 26, Issue 2, p. 143-152. Osselaer, S. M. J. A. and Alba, J. W. (2000) Consumer Learning and Brand Equity. Journal of Consumer Research; Vol. 27, Issue 1, p. 1-16. Ottemann, R. and Luthans, F. (1975) An Experimental Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of An Organizational Behavior Modification Program In Industry. Academy of Management Proceedings; p. 140-142. Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. London: Oxford University Press. Pawlowski, D. R. Badzinski, D. M. and Mitchell, N. (1998) Effects of Metaphors on Childrens Comprehension and Perception of Print Advertisements. Journal of Advertising; Vol. 27, Issue 2, p. 83-98. Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal Learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Speed, R. and Thompson, P. (2000) Determinants of Sports Sponsorship Response. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science; Vol. 28, Issue 2, p. 227-238. Stuart, E. W. Shimp, T. A. and Engle, R. W. (1987) Classical Conditioning of Consumer Attitudes: Four Experiments in an Advertising Context. Journal of Consumer Research; Vol. 14, Issue 3, p. 334-349. Telegraph, The (2008) Sainsburys playing chicken, says Jamie Oliver. The Daily Telegraph and Telegraph.co.uk. 8th January 2008. Accessed 20th July 2008: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1574897/Sainsburys-playing-chicken,-says-Jamie-Oliver.html Till, B. D. and Priluck, R. L. (2000) Stimulus Generalization in Classical Conditioning: An Initial Investigation and Extension. Psychology Marketing; Vol. 17, Issue 1, p. 55-72. Till, B. D. Stanley, S. M. and Priluck, R. L. (2008) Classical conditioning and celebrity endorsers: An examination of belongingness and resistance to extinction. Psychology Marketing; Vol. 25, Issue 2, p. 179-196. Walker, A. (2005) Profile: Jamie Oliver. BBC News: Magazine. 30th March 2005. Accessed 20th July 2008: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4394025.stm Wheeler, B. (2003) Sainsbury banks on fresh Oliver ads. BBC News: Business. 11th June 2003. Accessed 20th July 2008: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2979646.stm

Computer Information Systems :: Computers Technology Training Careers Essays

Computer Information Systems It is essential for every company to look into types of training. In the day and age that we live in technology and computer information systems are always changing. By the time people learn new information there is something else new to learn. This has been evident throughout history. There will always be the need to for companies to train employees. Many companies rely on computer information systems that work with human relations, marketing, and other essential departments in the company. For many businesses, the computer information systems have become a necessity. In order to compete and grow many companies rely on theses systems. They have proven to be great investments when successfully implemented. As a company expands its business to use computer information systems, there is a need to train staff, and in many instances hire experienced people. Even if the new staff knows all about computer information systems, it is highly recommended that other employees become familiar with the new type of business. This is important so the employees can be agile without the need to train new people. Many areas of training go along with having computer information systems. Some of these areas are web development, graphics, database management, operations management, and marketing. All of these areas are taught in various training courses. Some of the topics require vast amounts of training, such as graphics and database management. On the other hand, much of the web maintenance can be done easily and without much training. When deciding on the type of training, many factors must be taken into account. It is up to management what types of training they should use based on time, money, and many other factors. In real world cases there have been failures with the implementation of computer information systems, whether they were ERP or any other type of system. It is essential for management to take the necessary precautions and steps in order to have a successful immersion of the new system. Possible Computer Information System Training Methods There are many ways that a company can train its employees. When the decision is made that training is needed, one might chose to hire a company to come in and train the employees. This is referred to as onsite training. Many companies do this and many advantages are associated with it for example, the company keeps the employees on site and removes the need to travel.

Monticello :: essays research papers

Monticello "I am as happy nowhere else and in no other society, and all my wishes end, where I hope my days will end, at Monticello," wrote Thomas Jefferson the great architect of his home, Monticello. His home of 54 years was named Monticello which means "little mountain" in Italian. Many still question the reasoning for the name "Monticello." The only reasoning that was come up with was that Jefferson wanted to build his home on his mountain located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia near Charlottesville. He wanted a place that was private and away from civilization and the commotion of politics. Thomas Jefferson became his own master builder on this land that he inherited from his father, Peter Jefferson. When his father died he left five thousand acres and more than twenty slaves to Thomas and his younger brother Randolph. The land would include the little 867 foot wooded mountain that would one day be called "Monticello." In 1767 Jefferson did the unheard thing to do in colonial America, he decided to build his dream home on the mountaintop. There were no highways or rivers on the land he built his home and people thought he was crazy and unpractical for doing this. Architecture, as a profession, did not exist in colonial America. Only the wealthy men of the South were to have some knowledge of architectural styles. Finally gentlemen farmers and merchants were able to create plans and pictures of their dream houses by combining their skills. They were then able to become what was known as amateur architects. Jefferson started his construction of Monticello by leveling his mountaintop and setting down on paper sketchy visions of the house. He then prepared the mechanical working drawings, which he taught himself to do. The materials needed to construct Monticello were found in the area. He used his own trees for timber and took stone blocks for the foundation out of his mountain. The bricks were even fired in Monticello's own mountaintop kiln. He studied P2 the crafts of stonecutting, brick making and carpentry to carry out the work of construction. The only things he had to get elsewhere were the intricate fittings like brass locks and doorknobs or glass. Slowly but surely Jefferson finished a small brick building, which was the south pavilion, in 1770. Later the north pavilion was finished and served as a study for his son-in-law.

Erikson and Meet the Parents

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development details eight different stages describing a healthy human’s development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage presents a new conflict between a biological and sociocultural force. Successful negotiation of these forces results in the individual moving the next stage with the favored attribute. Mastery of each stage’s challenges isn’t necessary to advance to the next stage but unconquered challenges are likely to reappear in the future. Almost every movie out exemplifies some form of family dynamics and Erikson’s stages of development.However, the movie I chose to demonstrate two characters in two different psychosocial development stages is Meet the Parents. Meet the Parents depicts Greg Focker’s struggle to gain his girlfriend Pam’s dad’s approval for her hand in marriage. For many men asking the love of your life’s dad for approval to marry her can be a very nerve-r acking and scary experience. For Greg, a Jewish male nurse, Murphy’s Law takes over and the situation becomes more embarrassing than expected. It doesn’t help that Pam’s father is a strict, overbearing, ex CIA agent with a lie detector in the basement.The two characters I will be relating to different stages of Erikson’s developmental theory are Greg Focker and his soon to be father-in-law Jack Byrnes. Greg Focker is definitely in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage of development that typically occurs between ages 20-24. His existential question is â€Å"Can Love? † Greg has established his career and identity and is open to the ideas of love and marriage. He is ready to make a long-term commitment and has done so with Pam, his live in girlfriend.Their intimate, reciprocal relationship has made Greg willing to make sacrifices and compromises required to make her happy and their relationship function. This concept is exemplified throughout the movie a s Greg goes to great lengths to gain the approval of his loved one’s father, Jack. Since Greg has been able to form an intimate relationship with Pam, intimacy has prevailed over isolation. Jack Byrnes is in middle adulthood; his internal conflict is generativity vs. stagnation. The main question faced by individuals between the ages of 25-64 is â€Å"Can I Make My Life Count? Generativity is the concern of guiding the next generation. Jack already possesses a sense of generativity since he has been married, raised a family and contributed to society through his career in the CIA. He is now concerned about the next generation of his family, his daughter’s family and offspring. Although his daughter is grown he is still trying to help her grow into a responsible adult and having trouble accepting her soon to be spouse. However, in the end he does learn to accept Greg and master generativity; as a result he is on his way to the last stage of life which focuses on the vi rtue of wisdom. Erikson and Meet the Parents Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development details eight different stages describing a healthy human’s development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage presents a new conflict between a biological and sociocultural force. Successful negotiation of these forces results in the individual moving the next stage with the favored attribute. Mastery of each stage’s challenges isn’t necessary to advance to the next stage but unconquered challenges are likely to reappear in the future. Almost every movie out exemplifies some form of family dynamics and Erikson’s stages of development.However, the movie I chose to demonstrate two characters in two different psychosocial development stages is Meet the Parents. Meet the Parents depicts Greg Focker’s struggle to gain his girlfriend Pam’s dad’s approval for her hand in marriage. For many men asking the love of your life’s dad for approval to marry her can be a very nerve-r acking and scary experience. For Greg, a Jewish male nurse, Murphy’s Law takes over and the situation becomes more embarrassing than expected. It doesn’t help that Pam’s father is a strict, overbearing, ex CIA agent with a lie detector in the basement.The two characters I will be relating to different stages of Erikson’s developmental theory are Greg Focker and his soon to be father-in-law Jack Byrnes. Greg Focker is definitely in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage of development that typically occurs between ages 20-24. His existential question is â€Å"Can Love? † Greg has established his career and identity and is open to the ideas of love and marriage. He is ready to make a long-term commitment and has done so with Pam, his live in girlfriend.Their intimate, reciprocal relationship has made Greg willing to make sacrifices and compromises required to make her happy and their relationship function. This concept is exemplified throughout the movie a s Greg goes to great lengths to gain the approval of his loved one’s father, Jack. Since Greg has been able to form an intimate relationship with Pam, intimacy has prevailed over isolation. Jack Byrnes is in middle adulthood; his internal conflict is generativity vs. stagnation. The main question faced by individuals between the ages of 25-64 is â€Å"Can I Make My Life Count? Generativity is the concern of guiding the next generation. Jack already possesses a sense of generativity since he has been married, raised a family and contributed to society through his career in the CIA. He is now concerned about the next generation of his family, his daughter’s family and offspring. Although his daughter is grown he is still trying to help her grow into a responsible adult and having trouble accepting her soon to be spouse. However, in the end he does learn to accept Greg and master generativity; as a result he is on his way to the last stage of life which focuses on the vi rtue of wisdom.

Pros Cons of Free Trade Essay

I think Free Trade has its good and it’s bad. A good example is, the Auto industry. Here in Indiana we have a lot of foreign auto manufactures such as Subaru, Toyota, and Honda, just to name a few. As for American there is Chrysler and Ford. This can decrease the value of the American car, because of all the choices from the foreign market. This could eventually cause a loss of sales and money for the American manufactures, which could cause layo%s and loss of income for their employees in the future. However, overall the advantages of free trade de&nitely outweigh the disadvantages, by crea’ng more jobs. Pro â€Å"Indiana workers need trade to maintain and create jobs. In 2010, 761,500 jobs in Indiana depend on trade. In 2008, 20. 5 percent of jobs in Indiana depended on trade, up from 10. 0 percent from 1992. Indiana’s trade-related employment grew more than &ve ‘mes faster than total employment from 2004 to 2008. †(Business Roundtable, 2010). Con â€Å"Free trade is a convenient, well-packaged ideology that resonates well with consumers, and lines the pockets and ambi’ons of CEO’s and poli’cians. † (He%ner, Thomas, May 2012) As a result, in Indiana and the US nearly 50 percent of all new cars now sold are foreign. Unfortunately, because of Free Trade more people think buying an American product is cheap or not good quality. As a result of this the middle-class that rely on an American industry for employment and opportunity is being destroyed and falling further into debt. References h=p://trade. businessroundtable. org/ h=p://economyincrisis. org/content/why-free-trade-hurts-america.

Nike in Brazil: a Host Country View

Negative effects of Nike from Brazil’s point of view Brazil is rapidly privatizing many industries and its attitude toward a free market economy has changed significantly in the past 10 years. However, it seems the country still has a perception that often times associates capitalism with â€Å"greedy† developed countries. If the opinion of Brazil’s president is a reflection of how some of its people feel this is certainly the case. In 2008, Brazil’s president lambasted US corporations and the US government for â€Å"infecting his nation with problems that were not of its making (The New York Times, 2008). This attitude seems to have created some problems for Brazilians in terms of their view of Nike. The kind of leverage and control that such a large company can exert on football in the country is huge. This issue was thrown into the light when in 1998 the Brazilian national team lost in the World Cup finals to France. Earlier on in the year, Nike had in vested a record amount ($200 million US) for the right to sponsor the Brazilian national team in the World Cup. As a requisite for sponsorship, Nike demanded that the team play an inordinate amount of exhibition games leading up to the event. Many Brazilians, including Brazilian football legend Pele (who filed a lawsuit against Nike), still blame Nike for Brazil’s loss. They claim that the unusual number of exhibition games tired the players out. Similarly, another interesting problem is Nike’s effect on competition in Brazil. Nike’s recent acquisition of UK sporting wear company Umbro allowed it to eclipse Adidas as the biggest brand in the world of football (The Financial Times, 2007). This is particularly troubling for Brazilian retailers, who worry about the concentration of brands between two large Multi-Nationals and the effect this might have on their business. Lastly, as with many interactions between MNC’s and developing countries environmental issues have been a problem. Brazil is a massive supplier of leather used for products like Nike shoes. However, much of the cattle that the leather comes from graze on what was once Amazon rain forest. A host of Brazilian ranchers have clear-cut entire swaths of rainforest in an attempt to make room for more cattle. This goes against Brazil’s need to preserve what is arguably its most precious natural resource (The Ends Report, 2009). In future business interactions, Nike needs to be weary of using tactics that could be perceived by the Brazilian people as greedy, dominating, or imperialistic. Such tactics may erode trust within the Brazilian population and could turn out to be a bigger PR headache than they are worth. Advantages of having Nike in Brazil from Brazil’s point of view On the other hand, the fact that Nike is such a large and powerful company can have its benefits for the Brazilian people. With its enormous buying capability Nike can actually shift the way products are produced in some countries by pressuring suppliers. As was discussed earlier, Nike has been using leather procured from suppliers who have clear-cut forests in order to make room for their cattle. However, in August of last year, Nike along with help from Greenpeace enacted a set of regulations that all its suppliers must follow. The policies included a rule against clear-cutting, as well as other important environmental conventions. It seems that where there are problems between Brazil and Nike, there are also opportunities (The Ends Report, 2009). Programs like this are exactly what Nike needs. Not only do they foster trust and goodwill, they also facilitate much needed changes in Brazil. Without Nike the changes in the Brazilian leather industry might be difficult to encourage. The cattle lobby in Brazil is well funded and has many political ties making initiatives that may affect productivity hard to pass. However, it seems that environmentally conscious Brazilians have found a solution and a partner in Nike. In addition, Nike also decided to make its entire 2010 World Cup kit (a collection of football clothing) out of recycled bottles. This initiative took 13 million plastic bottles out of landfills. Furthermore, the Nike project created an association between Brazil and sustainability that will be seen all over the world (Al-Bawaba Reporters, 2010). Lastly, in recent years Nike has invested enormous amounts of money in the Brazilian football infrastructure. Nike is one of the chief supporters of the Brazilian Football Confederation and has extended its contract with this association until 2018. In addition, Nike also sponsors all three of the largest football teams in the country (Sports Marketing Quarterly, 2006). This reflects a direct commitment to improving and fostering football in the Brazil. The support of such a large sporting powerhouse seems to have had some positive effects on Brazil in terms of their attractiveness as a host for future events. In the past year, Brazil secured the 2014 world cup. This event is extremely lucrative for local vendors (among other parties) and will allow Brazil to display its incredible culture on a worldwide scale. Bibliography

Application of Statistical Concepts in the Determination

Experiment 1: APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL CONCEPTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF WEIGHT VARIATION IN SAMPLES LEE, Hyun Sik Chem 26. 1 WFV/WFQR1 ————————————————- Nov. 23, 2012 A skillful researcher aims to end his study with a precise and accurate result. Precision refers to the closeness of the values when some quantity is measured several times; while accuracy refers to the closeness of the values to the true value. The tool he utilizes to prevent errors in precision and accuracy is called statistics.In order to become familiar to this tactic, the experiment aims to help the researchers become used to the concepts of statistical analysis by accurately measuring the weights of ten (10) Philippine 25-centavo coins using the analytical balance, via the â€Å"weighing by difference† method. Then, the obtained data divided into two groups and are manipulated to give statistica l significance, by performing the Dixon’s Q-test, and solving for the mean, standard deviation, relative standard deviation, range, relative range, and confidence limit—all at 95% confidence level.Finally, the results are analyzed between the two data sets in order to determine the reliability and use of each statistical function. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This simple experiment only involved the weighing of ten 25-centavo coins that are circulating at the time of the experiment. In order to practice calculating for and validating accuracy and precision of the results, the coins were chosen randomly and without any restrictions. This would give a random set of data which would be useful, as a statistical data is best given in a case with multiple random samples.Following the directions in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual, the coins were placed on a watch glass, using forceps to ensure stability. Each was weighed according to the â€Å"weighing by differenceâ₠¬  method. The weighing by difference method is used when a series of samples of similar size are weighed altogether, and is recommended when the sample needed should be protected from unnecessary atmosphere exposure, such as in the case of hygroscopic materials. Also, it is used to minimize the chance of having a systematic error, which is a constant error applied to the true weight of the object by some problems with the weighing equipment.The technique is performed with a container with the sample, in this experiment a watch glass with the coins, and a tared balance, in this case an analytical balance. The procedure is simple: place the watch glass and the coins inside the analytical balance, press ON TARE to re-zero the display, take the watch glass out, remove a coin, then put the remaining coins back in along with the watch glass. Then, the balance should give a negative reading, which is subtracted from the original 0. 0000g (TARED) to give the weight of the last coin. The p rocedure is repeated until the weights of all the coins are measured and recorded.The weights of the coins are presented in table 1, as these raw data are vital in presenting the results of this experiment. Table 1. Weights of 25-centavo coins measured using the â€Å"weighing by difference† method| Sample No. | Weight, g| 1| 3. 6072| Data Set 2| Data Set 1| 2| 3. 7549| | | 3| 3. 6002| | | 4| 3. 5881| | | 5| 3. 5944| | | 6| 3. 5574| | | 7| 3. 5669| | 8| 3. 5919| | 9| 3. 5759| | 10| 3. 6485| | Note that the data are classified into two groups, Data Set 1 which includes samples numbered 1~6 and Data Set 2 which includes samples numbered 1~10.Since the number of samples is limited to 10, the Dixon’s Q-test was performed at 95% confidence level in order to look for outliers in each data set. The decision to use the Q-test despite the fact that there were only a few, limited number of samples and to use the confidence level of 95% was carried out as specified in the Laborat ory Manual. Significance of Q-test The Dixon’s Q-test aims to identify and reject outliers, values that are unusually high or low and thus differ considerably from the majority and thus may be omitted from the calculations and usages in the body of data.The Dixon’s Q-test should be performed, since a value that is extreme compared to the rest can bring inaccurate results that go against the estimated limits set by other calculations and thus affect the conclusion. This test allows us to examine if one (and only one) observation from a small set of replicate observations (typically 3 to 10) can be â€Å"legitimately† rejected or not. The outlier is classified objectively, by calculating for the suspected outlier, Qexperimental, Qexp, and comparing it with the tabulated Qtab. Qexp is determined by Qexp equation (1). Qexp=Xq-XnR (1)Where Xq is the suspected value, Xn is the value closest to Xq, and R is the range, which is given by the highest data value subtracted by the lowest data value. R=Xhighest-Xlowest (2) If the obtained Qexp is found to be greater than Qtab, the outlier can be rejected. In the experiment, the sample calculation for Data Set 1 is given below: Qexp=Xq-XnR=3. 7549-3. 60723. 7549-3. 5574=0. 14770. 1975=0. 74785 Since Qtab for the experiment is set as 0. 625 for 6 samples at 95% confidence level, Qexp>Qtab. Thus, the suspected value 3. 7549 is rejected in the calculations for Data Set 1.The same process was done for the lowest value of Data Set 1 and the values for Data Set 2, and the values were accepted and will be used for further calculations. This is shown in table 2. (Refer to Appendix for full calculations. ) Table 2. Results of Dixon’s Q-Test| Data Set| Suspect Values| Qtab| Qexp| Conclusion| 1| 3. 7549| 0. 625| 0. 74785| Rejected| | 3. 5574| 0. 625| 0. 15544| Accepted| 2| 3. 7549| 0. 466| 0. 53873| Accepted| | 3. 5574| 0. 466| 0. 048101| Accepted| The statistical values were then computed for the two data sets, and were compared to relate the significance of each form of statistical functions.The values required to be calculated are the following: mean, standard deviation, relative standard deviation (in ppt), range, relative range (in ppt), and confidence limits (at 95% confidence level). Significance of the mean and standard deviation The mean is used to locate the center of distribution in a set of values [2]. By calculating for the average value of the data set, it can be determined whether the set of data obtained is close to each other or is close to the theoretical value. Thus, both accuracy and precision may be determined with the mean, coupled with other statistical references.In the experiment, the mean was calculated using equation (3). The sample calculation used the data from Data Set 1, which had 5 samples after the outlier was rejected via the Q-test. X=i=1nXi=X1+X2+X3†¦+Xnn 3 =(3. 6072+3. 6002+3. 5881+3. 5944+3. 5574)5=3. 5895 Mean is represented by X, the data v alues by X, and the number of samples by n. It can be observed that the mean indeed shows the precision of the accumulated values, as all the values are close to each other and the mean. The standard deviation, on the other hand, is a relative measure of precision of the values.It shows how much the values spread out from the mean. A smaller standard deviation would show that the values are relatively closer to the mean, and a bigger one would show that the values are spread out more. This does not determine the validity of the experimented values. Instead, it is used to calculate further statistical measures to validate the data. The equation (4) was used to calculate the standard deviation, where s represents standard deviation, and the rest are known from the mean. The data set used is the same as the mean. s=1n-1i=1nXi-X2 4 =15-1[3. 072-3. 58952+3. 6002-3. 58952+3. 5881-3. 58952+3. 5944-3. 58952+3. 5574-3. 58952] =0. 019262 Mean and standard deviations by themselves are relative ly poor indicators of the accuracy and precision of the data. These are manipulated to give clearer views on the data. One of the measures of precision is the relative standard deviation. RSD=sX? 1000ppt (5) =0. 0192623. 5895? 1000=5. 3664 The relative standard deviation is a useful way of determining the precision of the data compared to other sets of data, as the ratio would be a good way of differentiating the two.This will be expounded further. Range is easily found with equation (2) to give the value of 0. 0498, taking note that the highest value was rejected via the Q-test. R=3. 6072-3. 5574=0. 0498 The relative range is also a way of comparing sets of data, just like the relative standard deviation. Again, it will be discussed when comparing the values from data sets 1 and 2. RR=RX? 1000ppt (6) =0. 04983. 5895? 1000=13. 874 Significance of the confidence interval The confidence interval is used to give the range at which a given estimate may be deemed reliable.It gives the in terval in which the population mean is to be included in. The boundaries of the interval are called confidence limits, and are calculated by equation (7). Confidence limit=X ±tsn 7 =3. 5895 ±2. 780. 0192625 =3. 5895 ±0. 023948 Using the confidence limit and the interval, one can easily determine the value that can be estimated if the same experiment was performed. The confidence limit shows that there is a 95% confidence that the actual mean lies between the values of 3. 5656 and 3. 6134. Difference between Data Set 1 and Data Set 2The statistical values computed from the two data sets are arranged below in table 3. Table 3. Reported values for data sets 1 and 2| Data Set| Mean| Standard Deviation| Relative SD| Range| Relative Range| Confidence Limts| 1| 3. 5895| 0. 019262| 5. 3664| 0. 0498| 13. 874| 3. 5895 ±0. 023948| 2| 3. 6085| 0. 057153| 15. 838| 0. 1975| 54. 731| 3. 6085 ±0. 040846| The two data differ in all the components, but what’s important are the relati ve standard deviations and the relative range. The standard deviation and the relative range, along with the confidence limits went up from data set 1 to 2.This shows that the data became less precise as more values were added, which is normal since one cannot always expect perfect results from every trials. The relative values all show the precision of the data from each other—the lower the number, the more precise they are. However, since the number of elements increased as the relative values increased as well, we can say that data set 1 is more precise but it isn’t accurate, since the sample population is quite limited. Statistical values have been computed and analyzed so that when further, more difficult research arises, the researchers will be able to accomplish them without problems.These values are significant in determining the accuracy of the experiment. For example in this experiment, the actual weight of 25 centavo coins is found to be 3. 6g for brass plat ed steel coins minted from 2004. It can be deduced that the majority of the coins used are indeed from that value, and that the mean became more accurate to the true value as more samples were used. REFERENCES Silberberg, M. S. (2010). Principles of general chemistry (2nd ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Jeffery, G. H. , Bassett, J. , Mendham, J. , & Denney, R. C. (1989).Vogel’s textbook of quantitative chemical analysis (5th ed. ). Great Britain: Bath Press, Avon http://www. bsp. gov. ph/bspnotes/banknotes_coin. asp. Accessed Nov. 21, 2012. Appendix Working Calculations Q-test Data Set 1 (Highest) Qexp=|3. 7531-3. 6921|0. 1920=0. 3177 0. 3177

Comparing and contrasting “The Matrix” and Plato’s “The Allegory Of The Cave” Essay

Comparing and contrasting the synopsis â€Å"The Matrix† to Plato’s â€Å"The Allegory Of The Cave† and also Descartes â€Å"Meditation I Of The Things Of Which We May Doubt† which have several similarities and also some differences. In all three of these stories the main idea is that reality is in question. In the Matrix, the human being is in a pod like machine that is controlled by a computer simulating what we think and know to be reality. Reality is not only created but manipulated to deceive what is truly surrounding you, when you are clearly in a pod unaware of what reality really is. In Plato’s â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† this also focuses on two different realities based on what is in fact real and what is perceived. Plato’s view on the prisoners being fooled into a false reality by placing fake objects around them to trick their perception of reality and also put them in a one track state of mind, while life goes on outsi de of where they are captive. This is similar to The Matrix because in both stories the people are being manipulated to believe a reality outside of what is truly happening at the present time. In both stories, the person that has been captive for a certain period of time but then is able to experience reality outside of just manipulated perception has doubts, they are in disbelief of what they are actually able to witness for the first time. Reality, not perception but what is truly real happening and not being simulated or manipulated so that you would be fooled into believing something that is not real. In the Matrix, Neo lived a pretty normal life as an everyday human being but could not sleep well and like Plato stated that the prisoner would have to sense something, get some kind of feeling that something just was not quite right about his surroundings and the way they were existing. Another similarity is that the prisoners and pods were being manipulated to believe a false reality by people above them. They were prisoners in caves and pods. I think of course  a difference is of course time periods. Although these stories have similar ideas, the Matrix was an updated version of ideas of two difference realities. A similarity between the Matrix and Descartes is whether or not we are dreaming or if it is in fact reality and how do we know? Neo is questioned about his dreams and being able to wake from the dream and tell if he was indeed awake or still dreaming and that it was Descartes really focuses on in Meditation. Once the prisoner is set free, reality for him is shocking because now what you have been exposed to for so long was a lie. Although this false reality was a lie it was not only what was perceived as real to them but familiar. Finding out something like this can be freeing and yet disappointing and scary like it was for Cypher. Once he discovered that they were lifeless humans being manipulated in pods by computers he was terrified and wanted to erase what he found to be reality. Cypher wanted to go back to how things were before he discovered what really happening to him because he could not and did not want to deal with reality. He found comfort in the simulated life he was given. As far as ignorance being bliss or finding out the harsh reality of illusion, I feel like it depends on the person. I know some people who purposely try to live in a false reality because they just would rather live in a fairytale. They do not want to deal with the harsh realities that come along with knowing the truth. I also know others that no matter how painful or frustrating reality is, knowing what is real and understand what is indeed true is the only way they can function in life.

Sociology - Ubran Sociology & Crime and Criminology Research Proposal

Sociology - Ubran Sociology & Crime and Criminology - Research Proposal Example As part of examining the possible impact of implementing a diet program for police officers, the health benefits, identified positive work improvements, and social benefits of this program will be tackled in details. In relation to the implementation of a strict diet program for local police officers, the proposed research study is important in terms of improving the health and work performance of the local police officers. Because of the nature of work, the U.S. police officers live roughly 15 years less as compared to the average Americans (Tracy, 1993). This is possible due to the fact that approximately 50% of the local police officers are likely to develop a form of heart disease during their retirement age (Vonk, 2007). The problem with being overweight is highly associated with the risk of developing a long list of health problems including: (1) high blood pressure; (2) Type 2 diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM); (3) high blood pressure; (4) atherosclerosis; (5) high cholesterol levels; (6) gallbladder disease; (7) atherosclerosis; (8) cerebral hemorrhage; (9) coronary heart diseases; (10) osteoarthritis; (11) sleep apnea; and (12) certain types of cancer. (Alberti et al., 2007; Nazario, 2007; Nanchahal et al., 2005; WHO, 2005; Ballington, 2002; American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Lau et al., 2000; Yuan et al., 1998) On top of the health consequences of being overweight, it also contributes to the slow physical movements can endanger the lives of the local police officers. The proposed research design includes the use of qualitative and quantitative research survey questionnaire which will be distributed to a group of police officers. To determine the best diet program which can be designed for the specific nutritional needs of the police officers, a one-on-one interview will be conducted with a qualified nutritionist. After requesting

Environmental law has led the development of environmental management Essay

Environmental law has led the development of environmental management systems (and environmental auditing in particular) - Essay Example environmental record keeping and performance and impact review) include illustration of how particular industries or businesses have adapted to the rise of such compliance requirements consider whether there are any disadvantages to environmental auditing being influenced by concerns about legal compliance Word limit: 1500 words Your essay must be typed and all sources must be referenced. Hand in Date: 11th August 2011, 16.00 (generic resit CW submission date!) Marked work to be returned: To be negotiated Environmental law builds on reform movements from the early part of the 20th Century, including consumer protection and industry regulation legislation that was enacted through the House of Commons in the protection of the public welfare and safety of workers. As public awareness and understanding of the danger to the natural environment from pollution and waste produced by industry grew, more and more people began to organize into advocacy groups and political change or reform move ments to affect public policy. Domestic law was the early vehicle for these reform movements and legislative changes produced in this manner became part of the common law tradition that would be enforceable in court with damages or penalties. As the role of governmental authority in policing and regulating industry on environmental concerns became more prevalent, official environmental protection and monitoring bodies were organized on the national level as industry watchdogs. With the rise of this legislation and associated governmental agencies in environmental protection, the requirements for the consumer, business, and industry to abide by environmental regulations led to the development of testing and auditing procedures that would guarantee compliance over large sectors of the economy. This can be seen in automotive emissions requirements and fuel conservation requirements in cars, trucks, and other vehicles; in pollution emissions testing requirements for factories in the ene rgy industry and industrial production; clean water and anti-pollution requirements for companies; as well as in modern movements to initiate a global carbon trading regime based on carbon-credits and a business’ fundamental carbon footprint calculated through use of fossil fuels in all aspects of production. These developments highlight how environmental protection legislation has moved from national law to become a major aspect of international business through treaties, multi-national accords, GATT negotiations, the WTO, etc. Nationally in the UK, there are two main sources of modern environmental law, the 1974 Control of Pollution Act and the Environmental Protection Act of 1990. The 1974 CPA prohibited the dumping of waste material, sewage, and other pollution in public land, rivers, and oceans, â€Å"where— (a) the waste in question is of a kind which is poisonous, noxious or polluting; and (b) its presence on the land is likely to give rise to an environmental hazard; and (c) it is deposited on the land in such circumstances or for such a period that whoever deposited it there may reasonably be assumed to have abandoned it there or to have brought it there for the purpose of its being disposed of (whether by himself or others) as waste, shall, subject to the following subsection, be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or a fine not exceeding ?400 or both or, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment f